Study Details
Toolbox of Countermeasures and Their Potential Effectiveness to Make Intersections Safer
Study ID: 73
Authors: ITE
Publication Date: 2004
Abstract:
Study Citation: Institute of Transportation Engineers, "Toolbox of Countermeasures and Their Potential Effectiveness to Make Intersections Safer." Briefing Sheet 8, ITE, FHWA, (2004)
CMFs Associated With This Study
Category: Access management
Countermeasure: Install raised median
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.75 | 25 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.75 | 25 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.31 | 69 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install raised median (unsignalized intersection)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.31 | 69 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
Category:Delineation
Countermeasure: Install raised pavement markers
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.67 | 33 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Nighttime,Wet road | All | Not specified |
| 0.75 | 25 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Wet road | All | Not specified |
| 0.9 | 10 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Mark pavement with supplementary warning messages
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.7 | 30 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
| 0.94 | 6 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Category:Highway lighting
Countermeasure: Install lighting
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.53 | 47 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Category:Intersection geometry
Countermeasure: Convert four-leg intersection into two three-leg intersections
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.43 | 57 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install left-turn lane
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.67 | 33 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.32 | 68 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install left-turn lane (physical channelization)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.73 | 27 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified | Urban |
| 0.67 | 33 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified | Urban |
| 0.56 | 44 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified | Rural |
| 0.58 | 42 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.72 | 28 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Install left-turn lane (signal has left-turn phase)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.69 | 31 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.56 | 44 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install left-turn lane (signal has no turn phase)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | 50 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
| 0.77 | 23 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install left-turn lane (within existing curbs)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.34 | 66 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
| 0.74 | 26 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install left-turn lane and add turn phase
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.42 | 58 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install refuge islands
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.44 | 56 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
| 0.44 | 56 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install right-turn lane
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.86 | 14 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified | Rural |
| 0.73 | 27 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.79 | 21 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified | Rural |
Category:Intersection traffic control
Countermeasure: Add centerline and move STOP bar to extended curb lines
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.71 | 29 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.76 | 24 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Add centerline and move STOP bar to extended curb lines, double stop signs
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.91 | 9 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 1 | 0 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Add centerline and STOP bar, replace 24-inch with 30-inch stop signs
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.33 | 67 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Add exclusive pedestrian phasing
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.66 | 34 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Add signal (additional primary head)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.58 | 42 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
| 0.9 | 10 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Convert minor-road stop control to all-way stop control
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.36 | 64 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.16 | 84 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Convert signal from pedestal-mounted to mast arm
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.64 | 36 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Convert Yield control to STOP control
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.71 | 29 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.91 | 9 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Improve visibility of signal heads (install two red displays in each head)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.64 | 36 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
| 0.91 | 9 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install beacon (flashing) at intersection
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.66 | 34 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install double stop signs
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.89 | 11 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.64 | 36 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install flashing beacons as advance warning
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.73 | 27 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install larger signal lenses (12 inch)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.52 | 48 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
| 0.89 | 11 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.89 | 11 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install signal backplates only
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | 50 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
| 0.87 | 13 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install STOP bars (pedestrian crosswalk)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.82 | 18 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install STOP bars (STOP bar on minor road approaches, with short segments of centerline)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.81 | 19 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.53 | 47 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Modify signal phasing (implement a leading pedestrian interval)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.95 | 5 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Prohibit right-turn-on-red
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.77 | 23 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Provide protected left-turn phase
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.95 | 5 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Provide signal coordination
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.68 | 32 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
| 0.84 | 16 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Provide split phases
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.75 | 25 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Remove unwarranted signals
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.48 | 52 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Replace Night-Time Flash with Steady Operation
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.2 | 80 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
| 0.71 | 29 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Replace signal lenses with optical lenses
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.83 | 17 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Category:On-street parking
Countermeasure: Restrict parking near intersections (to off-street)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.51 | 49 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Category:Pedestrians
Countermeasure: Install angled median crosswalk
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.88 | 12 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install pedestrian crossing (signed and marked with curb ramps and extensions)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.63 | 37 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install pedestrian overpass/underpass
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.87 | 13 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install pedestrian overpass/underpass (unsignalized intersection)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.87 | 13 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install raised pedestrian crosswalks
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.92 | 8 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
| 0.92 | 8 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
Category:Roadway
Countermeasure: Improve pavement friction (groove)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.75 | 25 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.41 | 59 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Wet road | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Resurface pavement
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.53 | 47 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Wet road | All | Not specified |
| 0.67 | 33 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
Category:Signs
Countermeasure: Install advance warning signs (positive guidance)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.78 | 22 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.65 | 35 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Angle | All | Not specified |
Category:Speed management
Countermeasure: Increase enforcement to reduce speed
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.3 | 70 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
| 0.3 | 70 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install transverse rumble strips on approaches
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.77 | 23 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified |
| 0.65 | 35 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | All | All | Not specified | Rural |
Category:Transit
Countermeasure: Install far-side bus stops
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.99 | 1 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install far-side bus stops (signalized intersection)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.99 | 1 | Cannot Be Rated (HSM) | Vehicle/pedestrian | All | Not specified |
