Study Details
Handbook of Road Safety Measures
Study ID: 14
Authors: Elvik, R. and Vaa, T.
Publication Date: 2004
Abstract:
Study Citation: Khayesi M. The Handbook of Road Safety Measures. Injury Prevention. 2006;12(1):63–4. PMCID: PMC2563494.
Study Type: Journal Article/Book
CMFs Associated With This Study
Category: Access management
Countermeasure: Provide a raised median
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.94 | -94 |  | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | Rural |
| 0.78[B] | 22 | | All | A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other | Urban |
| 0.88[B] | 12 | | All | A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other | Rural |
Countermeasure: Reduce driveways from 10-24 to less than 10 per mile
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.75[B] | 25 | | All | A,B,C | Minor Arterial | Urban and suburban |
Countermeasure: Reduce driveways from 26-48 to 10-24 per mile
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.69[B] | 31 | | All | A,B,C | Minor Arterial | Urban and suburban |
Countermeasure: Reduce driveways from 48 to 26-48 per mile
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.71[B] | 29 | | All | A,B,C | Minor Arterial | Urban and suburban |
Category:Advanced technology and ITS
Countermeasure: Individual changeable speed warning signs
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.59 | 41 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install changeable "Queue Ahead" warning signs
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.84[B] | 16 | | Rear end | A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | Urban |
| 1.16[I] | -16 | | Rear end | O | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | Urban |
Countermeasure: Install changeable crash ahead warning signs
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.56[I] | 44 | | All | A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | Urban |
Countermeasure: Install changeable speed warning signs for individual drivers
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.54[I] | 46 | | All | All | Not specified | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Provide active close-following warning signs
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.94 | 6 | | Rear end | | Not specified | Not specified |
Category:Bicyclists
Countermeasure: Raised bicycle crossings
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.09 | -9 | | Vehicle/bicycle | A,B,C | Not specified | Not specified |
Category:Delineation
Countermeasure: Add lane lines on multilane roadway segments
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.82 | 18 | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other | Urban |
Countermeasure: Install distance markers (angle symbols) on roadway segments
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.44 | 56 | | All | A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install edgelines, centerlines, and post-mounted delineators
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.55[B] | 45 | | All | A,B,C | Not Specified | All |
Countermeasure: Install post-mounted delineators
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.04[B*] | -4 | | All | A,B,C | Not Specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Install raised pavement markers and transverse rumble strips on approach to horizontal curves
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.94 | 6 | | Run off road | A,B,C | Not specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Place centerline markings
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.99[B*] | 1 | | All | A,B,C | Not Specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Place edgeline and centerline markings
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.76[B] | 24 | | All | A,B,C | Not Specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Place standard edgeline marking (4-6 in)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.97[B*] | 3 | | All | A,B,C | Not Specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Place wide (8 inches) edgeline markings
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.05[B*] | -5 | | All | A,B,C | Not Specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Placing edgelines and background/ directional markings on horizontal curves
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.81 | 19 | | Run off road | A,B,C | Not specified | Rural |
Category:Highway lighting
Countermeasure: Illumination
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.69 | 31 | | All | O | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.27 | 73 | | All | K | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
| 0.73 | 27 | | All | A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
| 0.68 | 32 | | All | O | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
Countermeasure: Provide highway lighting
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.31 | 69 | | All | K | All | All |
Countermeasure: Provide intersection illumination
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.62[B] | 38 | | Nighttime | A,B,C | Not Specified | Not Specified |
| 0.69 | 31 | | All | O | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.22 | 78 | | Vehicle/pedestrian | K | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.58[I] | 42 | | Nighttime,Vehicle/pedestrian | A,B,C | Not Specified | Not Specified |
| 0.23 | 77 | | All | K | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.5 | 50 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.52 | 49 | | All | O | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.19 | 82 | | Vehicle/pedestrian | K | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.41 | 59 | | Vehicle/pedestrian | A,B,C | Not specified | Not specified |
Category:Interchange design
Countermeasure: Extend acceleration lane by approx. 98 ft (30 m)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.89 | 11 | | All | All | Not specified | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Extend deceleration lane by approx. 100 ft
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.93[B*] | 7 | | All | All | Not Specified | Not Specified |
Category:Intersection geometry
Countermeasure: Convert four-leg intersection into two three-leg intersections
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.35 | -35 | | All | A,B,C | Not Specified | Urban |
Countermeasure: Painted channelization of both major and minor roads
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.43 | 57 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Painted channelization of left-turn lane on major road
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.78 | 22 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Rural |
| 0.8 | 20 | | All | O | Not specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Physical channelization of both major and minor roads
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.16 | -16 | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | Rural |
| 0.73 | 27 | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Physical channelization of right-turn lane on major road
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.98 | 2 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Rural |
| 0.87 | 13 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Provide a channelized left-turn lane on both major- and minor-road approaches
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.73[I] | 27 | | All | A,B,C | Not Specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Provide a channelized left-turn lane on both major-road approaches
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.2 | -20 | | All | O | Not specified | Rural |
Category:Intersection traffic control
Countermeasure: Permit right-turn-on-red
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.6[B] | -60 | | Right turn | A,B,C | Not Specified | Not Specified |
| 1.1[B] | -10 | | Right turn | O | Not Specified | Not Specified |
Category:On-street parking
Countermeasure: Convert angle parking to parallel parking
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.65 | 35 | | All | All | Local | Urban |
| 0.37 | 63 | | Parking related | All | Local | Urban |
Countermeasure: Convert free to regulated parking
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.94[B*] | 6 | | All | A,B,C | Minor Arterial | Urban |
Countermeasure: Implement time-limited parking restrictions
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.89[B] | 11 | | All | All | Minor Arterial,Major Collector,Minor Collector | Urban |
| 0.21[B] | 79 | | Parking related | All | Minor Arterial,Major Collector,Minor Collector | Urban |
Countermeasure: Mark parking stalls
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.51 | -51 | | All | All | Local | Urban |
Countermeasure: Prohibit on-street parking
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.8 | 20 | | All | A,B,C | Minor Arterial | Urban |
Countermeasure: Prohibit parking on one side of road
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.49 | -49 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Urban |
Category:Pedestrians
Countermeasure: Install raised pedestrian crosswalks
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.64 | 36 | | All | A,B,C | Local | Urban and Suburban |
| 0.55 | 46 | | Vehicle/pedestrian | A,B,C | Local | Urban and Suburban |
| 0.7 | 30 | | All | A,B,C | Local | Urban and Suburban |
Countermeasure: Raised intersections
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.05 | -5 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Not specified |
| 1.13 | -13 | | All | O | Not specified | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Widen sidewalks at intersections
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.12 | -12 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Not specified |
Category:Railroad grade crossings
Countermeasure: Implementing signs and crossbucks at previously unprotected crossings
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.75 | 25 | | All | | Not specified | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install automatic gates at crossings that previously had flashing lights and sound signals
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.55[B] | 45 | | All | All | Not Specified | Not Specified |
Countermeasure: Install automatic gates at crossings that previously had passive traffic control
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.33[B] | 67 | | All | All | Not Specified | Not Specified |
Countermeasure: Install flashing lights and sound signals
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.5[B] | 50 | | All | All | Not Specified | Not Specified |
Category:Roadside
Countermeasure: Change barrier along embankment to less rigid type
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.59[I] | 41 | | Run off road | K | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.68[B] | 32 | | Run off road | A,B,C | Not specified | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Flatten sideslope from 1V:3H to 1V:4H
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.58 | 42 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Flatten sideslope from 1V:4H to 1V:6H
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.78 | 22 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Rural |
Countermeasure: Increase distance to roadside features from 16.7 ft to 30 ft
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.56[B] | 44 | | All | All | All | Rural |
Countermeasure: Increase distance to roadside features from 3.3 ft to 16.7 ft
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.78[B] | 22 | | All | All | All | Rural |
Countermeasure: Increase triangle sight distance
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.3 | -30 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Not specified |
| 1.29 | -29 | | All | O | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.53 | 48 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.89 | 11 | | All | O | Not specified | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install any type of median barrier
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.57[B] | 43 | | All | K | Principal Arterial Other | Rural |
| 0.7[B] | 30 | | All | A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other | Rural |
Countermeasure: Install cable median barrier
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.71[B] | 29 | | All | A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other | Rural |
Countermeasure: Install concrete guardrail in median
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 1.15 | -15 | | All | A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install crash cushions at fixed roadside features
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.31[I] | 69 | | Fixed object | K | Not Specified | Not Specified |
| 0.31[B] | 69 | | Fixed object | A,B,C | Not Specified | Not Specified |
| 0.54[I] | 46 | | Fixed object | O | Not Specified | Not Specified |
Countermeasure: Install steel median barrier
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.65[B] | 35 | | All | A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other | Rural |
Countermeasure: Install wire guardrails between lanes of opposing traffic
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0 | 100 |  | All | K | Principal Arterial Other | Not specified |
| 0.74 | 26 | | All | A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other | Not specified |
| 1.34 | -34 |  | All | All | Principal Arterial Other | Not specified |
Countermeasure: New guardrail along embankment
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.56 | 44 | | Run off road | K | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.53 | 47 | | Run off road | A,B,C | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.93 | 7 | | Run off road | All | Not specified | Not specified |
Category:Roadway
Countermeasure: Effects of snow fences and higher state of preparedness for the whole winter season
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.89 | 11 | | All | All | All | All |
Countermeasure: Effects of use of salt (chemical de-icing) during the whole winter season (baseline = no salt)
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.85 | 15 | | All | A,B,C | All | All |
| 1 | 0 | | All | O | All | All |
Countermeasure: Raise standard by one class for winter maintenance
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.89[B] | 11 | | All | A,B,C | All | All |
Countermeasure: Short-term effects of all measures to control snow, slush or ice
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.5 | 50 | | All | | All | All |
Category:Signs
Countermeasure: Advance static curve warning signs
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.7 | 30 | | All | A,B,C | Not specified | Not specified |
| 0.92 | 8 | | All | O | Not specified | Not specified |
Countermeasure: Install combination horizontal alignment/ advisory speed signs
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.87[B] | 13 | | All | A,B,C | Not Specified | Not Specified |
Countermeasure: Install signs to conform to MUTCD
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.85 | 15 | | All | A,B,C | Local | Urban |
Category:Speed management
Countermeasure: Adjacent to roads with speed humps
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.95[B*] | 5 | | All | A,B,C | Local | Urban and Suburban |
Countermeasure: Area-wide or corridor-specific traffic calming
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.89[B] | 11 | | All | A,B,C | All | Urban |
| 0.94[B*] | 6 | | All | A,B,C | Major Collector,Minor Collector | Urban |
| 0.97[I*] | 3 | | All | O | Major Collector,Minor Collector | Urban |
Countermeasure: Install speed humps
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.6[I] | 40 | | All | A,B,C | Local | Urban and Suburban |
| 0.5 | 50 | | All | A,B,C | Local | Urban and Suburban |
Countermeasure: Install transverse rumble strips as traffic calming device
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.66 | 34 | | All | All | Local | Urban and Suburban |
| 0.64 | 36 | | All | A,B,C | Local | Urban and Suburban |
| 0.73 | 28 | | All | O | Local | Urban and Suburban |
Countermeasure: Traffic calming
| CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
|---|
| 0.68 | 32 | | All | All | Minor Collector | Urban |
| 0.67 | 33 | | All | A,B,C | Minor Collector | Urban |
| 0.75 | 25 | | All | O | Minor Collector | Urban |
| 0.67 | 33 | | All | A,B,C | Minor Collector | Urban |
